諺
英语时态与Modality大纲
2022-10-09 / modified at 2024-03-02 / 1.3k words / 6 mins

本文供已经有一定水平，但是需要完整复习实验的读者使用，并提供了优先级规划。

阅读前

  • 需要掌握所有定义与缩写，比如AUX和MODAL

目标

  • 听力能听懂时间，不能误会，不能卡顿计算
  • 能说出/写出正确的时态
  • 分析常见时态场景

练习方法

  • 暂时不建议通过文学作品进行入门练习，难度太高
  • 建议通过商业考试的听力材料来跟读记忆，既可以掌握场景，也可以练习时态

MODAL能力定级

  • 能口语使用常见用法并练习–约为B2
  • 能进行各种概述对比并使用准确，以及would/will的常见特例-约为B2
  • 能区分will/would，must/have to等相似句子的区别-约为C1，但是老师明确强调了没必要达到这种水平，个人感觉类似日语的敬语体系。英文中称为“hedging”，属于高语境对话。

知识点依赖图(PERT)

参考britishcouncil

$2Probability100%factsIt can be very cold here in winterbeliefYou must be hungryThey should arrive soon.0%can: we couldn't have done it without you.not certainnow: They may/might/could be at home.past: may/might/could haveAbilityskill or general abilities► I can/could/could have run fast.PermissionAsking for/Giving/Refusing permission▻ 主语大部分是I/we► Can I ask a question, please?► Could I have your attention everyone?► May I have your passport, please?Requests, offers and invitationsrequesttelling or asking someone to do somethingcould/wouldCould you see if Rob is at his desk?can/willOfferCan/could/shall I help you?invitationwould you like toYou must come round and see us.Suggestions and obligationssuggestgive adviceYou should send an email.You could eat out tonight.Dan will help you if you ask him.Dan would help you if you asked him.obligationsmoral or legalYou must/needs to stop at a red light.Auxiliary(helping verb)辅助动词1.primarybe/have/do2.modal(情态动词)can/couldmay/might/mustshall/shouldwill/would3.othersDare, need, used to, and ought toVerb form(动词变形)► base form: eat► Present Participle from(v-ing form): eating► Past tense form(v-ed form): ate► Past Participle form: eatentense(16个时态)► 聚合的段时间(duration)► 点时间(point)► 频度(how often)Subjunctive 虚拟语气(一般是时态前移)1.Wishes(期望)I wish I spoke French.2.1.Necessity(必要性，英式表达)I insisted that he should apologise.2.2.Necessity(必要性，美式表达)I insisted that he apologise.I insisted that he apologised(informal).3.Conditions(条件)If I were you, I would...start2.2.动词原形场景

注意动词的form均仅指变形。

  • “Past tense form”不涉及时态。类似日语的"ta-form"和过去时的区别。
  • "Present Participle from"同样不涉及 gerund(as nonu) 与 Participle(as adj/verb) 的相关内容，这些属于B2的另外语法，在时态之后。

重点

Modarity & tense(B1)

We often use the past forms to be more polite or formal, or less direct.

如何区分到底是过去时态（past tense ）还是虚拟（subjunctive mood ）

Based on the context

Modarity with hedging(C1)

注意：此处为甩锅或者Academic writhing中使用，是委婉（cautious language）且高阶的知识点，Business Level不需要掌握。参考

时态

教材的分类

按照剑桥教材的CEFR难度分类如下

$2难度A1(6)PresentPresent simpleHabitsFactsTimetablesYour flight leaves from gate 15A.Winters here can be really cold sometimesPresent continuousDoing正在发生马上发生The flight is now boarding.意译为将要登机Arrangement一般要加具体时间The meeting is ending in five minutes.Present perfectPastPast simpleago -> a finished timePast continuousFutureSimplewill(be going to) do sth.B1~C1(10)PerfectPresent Perfect ContinuousPast PerfectFuture(8)Past Future SimplePast Perfect ContinuousPast Future ContinuousPast Future PerfectPast Future Perfect ContinuousFuture Continuous偏书面Will you be attending the seminar(for certain plan)Future Perfect SimpleBy next month I will have finished my exams.Future Perfect Continuous

Future actions的时态特例

以下均有规划计划的含义，但是具体区别需要练习写作等语境，难以通过Excel表格来区分

  • do: 固定的timetable/general possibility.
    • Your flight leaves from gate 15A.
    • Winters here can be really cold sometimes
  • be doing : 可能有歧义，一般要加具体的时间
    • I’m flying to Shanghai this weekend. (暗示可能已经预定了机票)
  • will:
    • The flight will be delayed until further notice. (航班起飞需要等待通知)
  • will be doing: 未来具体计划；较书面语
    • The flight will now be leaving from Gate 26.
    • Will you be attending the seminar?
  • be going to do: 非正式，可能有歧义
    • I’m going to fly to Shanghai this weekend

有歧义的

  • Why is linda leaving the company?(既可以是离职流程中，也可以只是一个规划)

过去时态混用例句

仍然需要整理归纳，难以统一

  • 写小说故事: 过去时为主，可能有Historical Present Tense来表示更生动，但是当前水平只能读不能写。
  • 科技写作：详见《英语科技写作》
  • Dead people: The president has died, he died on Thursday.
  • I thought it over, and I don’t think I am going to apply for it because the position doesn’t pay as much as I had thought.
  • The instructor explains the diagram to students who ask questions during the lecture.
  • Due to the poor economy, most of the employees will put off taking a summer vacation until the domestic economy has improved.

时间的区别

  • 聚合的段时间(duration): for/since，有开始与结束，一般用完成时态

    • how long
    • For/since

  • 点时间(point): 但是点的颗粒度可能取决于语境

    • when/did you

  • 关于for与since的使用限制

    • For can be used with all tenses.
    • Since is normally used with perfect tenses.

主要参考资料

  • 《Complete English Grammar》：非常完善，偏向学术，作为字典查阅定义使用。
  • 《English Grammar in Use(B1~B2)》/《Advanced Grammar in Use(C1)》：作为细节使用。
  • 《托业听力全真模拟1000题》：找例句使用。